Platinum Group Research Articles

Biodiesel Production via Transesterification Reaction over Mono- and Bimetallic Copper-Noble Metal (Pt, Ru) Catalysts Supported on BEA Zeolite

This work focuses on the study of biodiesel production from commercial rapeseed oil and methanol via transesterification reactions on monometallic copper and bimetallic copper–noble metal (platinum, ruthenium) catalysts supported on BEA zeolite. The catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation method on the hydrogen form of BEA zeolite. As part of the study, the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the prepared catalytic materials were determined. The catalytic activity tests were carried out in the transesterification reaction over prepared catalysts at 220 °C for 2 h in an autoclave. The physicochemical properties of the obtained catalysts were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area and porosity (BET), a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM–EDS) and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (TPD-NH3) method. The results of the catalytic activity showed the promotional effect of the noble metal on the TG conversion and FAME efficiency of copper catalysts in the biodiesel production process. The most active catalyst turned out to be the calcined 5%Cu–1%Ru/BEA catalyst, which showed the highest TG conversion of 85.7% and the second highest FAME efficiency of 58.4%. The high activity of this system is explained by its surface acidity and large specific surface area.

Solvent Extraction of Gold(III) by 2-Ethylhexanol and Modeling of Facilitated Transport across a Supported Liquid Membrane

The solvent extraction of gold(III) by undiluted 2-ethylhexanol or dissolved in toluene from a HCl solution has been investigated in this paper. The numerical analysis of gold distribution data suggests the formation of HAuCl4·L and HAuCl4·2L (L = 2-ethylhexanol) species in the organic phase, with formation constants K11 = 38 and K12 = 309, respectively. The results derived from gold(III) distribution have been implemented in a solid-supported liquid membrane system. The influence of several variables on gold transport has been considered: feed and receiving phases’ stirring speeds, HCl and gold concentrations in the feed phase, and carrier concentration in the membrane phase as well as the presence of base metals (Fe, Cu, Ni) and platinum-group metals (PGMs) in the feed phase. Gold transport is influenced by the stirring speed of the feed phase and the variation in HCl and gold (feed phase) and carrier (membrane phase) concentrations. Also, diffusional resistances to mass transfer are estimated, and the contribution of each resistance to gold transport is estimated. Gold is recovered as zero-valent nanoparticles.

Design of Pentacene Thin-Film Transistor Based Hydrogen Gas Sensor with High-K Dielectric Materials for High Sensitivity

Abstract Electrical properties of an organic field-effect transistor were modelled in top gate top contact (TGTC) geometry and H2 gas sensors were designed for increased sensitivity based on the structure. Safety concerns related to hydrogen usage must be addressed; these hazardous characteristics include a wide flammable range (4-75%) that results in a rapid burning velocity, a low minimum ignition energy (0.017 mJ), a high heat of combustion (143 kJ/g), and the high diffusivity of hydrogen gas (0.61 cm2/s in the air). These characteristics make it impossible to control hydrogen combustion after a specific time. All simulations were performed in the Silvaco TCAD ATLAS tool. We analysed the driving principle of gas sensors and introduced gas sensing properties in OFET using platinum metal at the gate electrode for H2 gas detection. IOFF, ION, and VTH are sensitivity parameters that alter when the metalwork function of the gate changes with respect to the gas present on it. The designed sensor was analysed for different dielectric materials. Results demonstrate that the increase in sensitivity for OFET-based H2 sensors is 73.4 %, 80.7%, 90.5 %, and 95.6 % when the work function changes by 50, 100, 150, and 200 meV for Pt gate electrodes with an increase in dielectric value of insulating layer from SiO2 (3.9) to La2O3 (27). Results were compared with the In1-xGaxAs CGNWFET-based H2 sensor as the work function varies at 200 meV,the sensitivity enhancement with OFET-based H2 sensors is 8.09%

Regularities of Ion-Exchange Extraction of Anions 2(4)-Octylaminopyridines from Aqueous Media

Purpose of the study. Based on the results of the study of salts of 2(4)-octylaminopyridines (2(4)-OAP) by physical methods and their distribution in the two-phase system water-chloroform, establish the patterns of ion-exchange extraction of anions using aromatic amines.Methods. Chemical synthesis of 2(4)-OAP and their halides, spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of 2(4)-OAP in the aqueous and organic phase, characterization of 2(4)-OAP and their halides by IR, PMR and ESCA spectroscopy.Results. Synthesized by original methods and identified 2(4)-OAP and their halides. The distribution constants of 2-aminopyridine and 4-OAP salts with a singly charged anion in the water–chloroform two-phase system were determined. It is shown that the obtained constants increase in the following order: F-<Сl-<NO3-<Br-<ClO4-<SCN-<I-. In this case, a linear correlation between the logarithms of the constants and the hydration energy of anions in thisseries as a whole, which is typical for extraction with aliphatic amines and quaternary ammonium bases (FABs), is not observed. The results of the study of 2(4)-OAP halides by physical methods indicate a redistribution of the electron density in the aromatic cation depending on the nature of the anion, which ensures the selectivity of the extraction of “soft” (according to Pearson) 2(4)-OAP anions from aqueous media.Conclusion. The patterns of anion-exchange extraction of 2(4)-OAP, as well as, apparently, other aromatic amines, on the one hand, and aliphatic amines and PAO, on the other hand, coincide only with respect to “hard” anions. The situation changes during the extraction of "soft" anions. Due to the specificity of interionic interaction, aromatic amines are more selective with respect to "soft" anions, including, apparently, some acid complexes of "soft" metal cations, for example, with respect to halide complexes of platinum and other rare metals that are extracted by 2(4)-OAP better than by aliphatic amines and PAO.

Redox control of the partitioning of platinum and palladium into magmatic sulfide liquids

The partitioning behavior of platinum group elements in magmas is critical for their use as tracers of planetary accretion and in understanding magmatic sulfide deposits. Here we use laboratory experiments to determine sulfide liquid–silicate melt partition coefficients for platinum and palladium at 1.5 GPa, 1400 °C, and oxygen fugacity 1.5–2 log units above the fayalite–magnetite–quartz buffer. We find that the partitioning coefficients of these elements are 2.3 × 105 to 1.1 × 106 and are independent of the platinum and palladium concentration in the system. Combined with previous data obtained at oxygen fugacity below the fayalite–magnetite–quartz buffer, this indicates redox-controlled partitioning behavior whereby at oxidizing conditions platinum- and palladium-enrichments are achieved through their dissolution in sulfide liquids, while at reducing conditions the entrapment of platinum- and palladium-rich clusters in sulfide liquids is more critical. This redox-controlled partitioning behavior should be considered when studying crust–mantle differentiation and the formation of magmatic sulfide deposits.

Towards improved online dissolution evaluation of Pt-alloy PEMFC electrocatalysts via electrochemical flow cell - ICP-MS setup upgrades

Electrochemical flow cell coupled with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (EFC-ICP-MS) is a powerful electroanalytical technique to monitor in-situ dissolution of metallic electrocatalysts and to understand mechanism of degradation under operating conditions. Its utilisation has witnessed a notable increase in the electrocatalyst field in the last decade where it has been extensively used to study the stability of platinum group metals (PGMs) under oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reaction conditions. Online ICP-MS has allowed the scientific and industrial community to optimise the activity and stability of PGMs thanks to a better understanding of the complex metal corrosion processes. Among the different setups, the electrochemical flow cell design is the most common as it is based on a commercially available design. Nonetheless, besides different materials and different electrochemical protocols, the impact of the geometry and various parameters of the setup on the recorded dissolution signal has not been studied until now. Such parameters can influence the results obtained with an EFC-ICP-MS and thus the interpretation of the dissolution mechanism and/or stability assessment. Hereby, we demonstrate that the length of the tubing between the outlet of the cell and the inlet of the ICP-MS impacts the resolution of the PtCo catalyst dissolution peaks. This, in turn, facilitates studies where the detection of extremely low concentrations is necessary, such as under a very narrow potential window. Similarly, a reduced internal volume of the cell restricts Pt redeposition, contributing to a more precise evaluation of stability. These claims were supported by dynamic continuum mechanics modelling of the ion concentration in a model EFC. Finally, we provide guidelines and advice to properly measure dissolution with an electrochemical cell coupled with ICP-MS.

Platinum Group Metals Extraction from Asteroids vs Earth: An Overview of the Industrial Ecosystems, Technologies and Risks

Platinum Group Metals Extraction from Asteroids vs Earth: An Overview of the Industrial Ecosystems, Technologies and Risks

Unlocking Sustainable Nitrate Reduction: Earth-Abundant Bimetallic Electrodes Under Galvanostatic Evaluation

The electrochemical reduction of nitrate (ERN) has emerged as a green alternative to alleviate the NH3 production via the Haber-Bosch process. Harnessing earth-abundant materials for electrocatalysts is a logical strategy, minimizing dependence on the cost-prohibitive platinum group elements. While previous research has delved into the preparation and evaluation of electrodes for NH3 generation, much of it has been mainly focused on potentiostatic conditions and mechanisms elucidation, overlooking real-world scenarios precluding the advancement towards technology implementation. This study addresses this gap by screening the performance of earth-abundant bimetallic electrodes, leveraging Cu foam as a substrate and modifying it with Cu2O, Ni(OH)2, SnO2, and Co(OH)x through electrodeposition. A comprehensive characterization encompassing morphological, structural, and electrochemical analysis was performed on the novel bimetallic surfaces. Electrolysis experiments targeting 30 mg L−1 NO3−-N were conducted under galvanostatic conditions (2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mA cm−2), revealing the following trend in NH3 yield (mmol NH3 gcat−1 h−1): Cu/Co(OH)x > Cu/Cu2O > Cu foam > Cu/SnO2 > Cu/Ni(OH)2. Engineering figures of merit required for techno-economic analysis, such as Faradic efficiency, electrical energy per order, kinetic constants, and NH3 generation efficiency, were estimated for each configuration. This study not only sheds light on the operational conditions of ERN but also offers a roadmap toward sustainable and economically viable NH3 production.

Nature inspired catalysts: A review on electroactive microorganism-based catalysts for electrochemical applications

The pursuit of efficient and sustainable electrochemical systems, that can generate green fuels and chemicals, stands as a primary contemporary challenge for sustaining a circular economy. As one of the main focuses in electrochemical systems, crafting robust electrocatalysts for various reactions, mostly based on expensive platinum group metals, has achieved plenty of attention in recent decades. To avoid the high cost and potential pollution associated with the synthesis of noble metal catalysts, nature-inspired catalysts, in particular catalysts based on electroactive microorganisms (EAM), serve as a valuable alternative for producing catalysts with intricate hierarchical structures and intrinsically scaling capability. This review aims to systematically detail the fundamental mechanisms of synthesis, potential applications, and future directions of EAM-based catalysts in electrochemical systems with emphasis on EAM-derived electrocatalysts and electrocatalysis. First, the synthesis methods, the mechanisms of synthesis, and the potential applications of EAM-derived electrocatalysts are discussed in detail. Second, the basics of microbial electrocatalysis, where EAM catalyzes various reactions at the electrodes of bioelectrochemical systems, are presented. The application of EAM catalysts in bioelectrochemical systems for organic matter degradation producing high current densities (> 2 A m−2), electrosynthesis of high-value chemicals from CO2, and the application of EAM-derived electrocatalysts for hydrogen/oxygen evolution reaction achieving comparable overpotentials to benchmark Pt/C and IrO2 catalyst (400 mV for HER and 370 mV for OER at 10 mA cm−2) are systematically summarized. Finally, challenges and new research directions are discussed, to shed light on the future implementation of EAM-based catalysts in sustainable electrochemical systems.

Towards the Industrial Implementation of Mn-based Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Ketones and Carboxylic Esters.

There is a constant pressure in industry to move away from platinum group metals (PGM) and achieve more environmentally friendly and sustainable production processes in the future. Recently developed Mn-based catalysts offer an interesting opportunity to complement established catalysts based on Ru. In this article, recent achievements in the field are highlighted and recent achievements in the collaboration of Solvias AG with the group of Prof. M. Clarke towards the implementation of these catalysts on industrial scale are outlined.

A spherical adsorbent produced from a bagasse biochar chitosan assembly for selective adsorption of platinum-group metals from wastewater

This study addresses the challenge of platinum-group metal scarcity by exploring the adsorption of these metals from industrial wastewater. An inexpensive adsorbent with selective platinum-group metal adsorption capacity, named chitosan/citric acid@diatomaceous earth-sugarcane bagasse (CTS/CA@DE-SBS), was newly synthesized. The material features a double coating of chitosan and diatomite on bagasse biochar, and it exhibits an excellent adsorption performance for platinum-group metals due to the synergistic effects of the biochar and chitosan-diatomaceous earth intercross-linked coatings. CTS/CA@DE-SBS achieved an 81 % adsorption efficiency and a static saturated adsorption capacity of 217 mg/g for Pt (IV) in water. Notably, the material exhibited selective adsorption properties for platinum-group metals dissolved in diverse aqueous solutions. The potential for the secondary recovery of platinum-group metals in complex aqueous bodies further underscores the significance of this adsorbent. In conclusion, this research introduces a promising solution for platinum-group metal shortages, offering a cost-effective and selective adsorbent with potential applications in the secondary recovery of these metals from industrial wastewater.

Optimized Bioleaching Pre-treatment of UG-2 PGM Flotation Concentrate Using Design of Experiments

AbstractThe depletion of the Merensky ore has led the South African platinum industry into largely mining and processing Upper Group Two (UG-2) ore for the extraction of Platinum Group Metals (PGMs). However, the processing of the UG-2 material is not fully amenable to the conventional pyrometallurgical route due to the high chrome content. Therefore, in this study, a bio-based process for base metal extraction from UG-2 flotation concentrates was investigated. This study represents only part of the work done in a broader investigation to develop a completely biological two-stage process for the extraction of base metals and PGEs. In this paper, only the first stage of the process is presented. This study evaluated a mixture of indigenous thermoacidophile archaebacteria namely, Acidianus brierleyi, Sulfolobus sp., and Metallosphaera sedula. A statistical Design of Experiments (DOE) was used for finding optimal conditions. Factors investigated included particle size, pH, pulp density, inoculum dosage, and temperature. Optimal extraction efficiencies of 92% for Co, 97% for Cu, and 99% for Ni were predicted at correlation coefficients of 92.5%, 93.2%, and 88.0%, respectively, thus, verifying the fitness of the model. Optimal base metal extractions obtained were 99.3% for Co, 90.1% for Cu, 41.58% for Fe, and 99.5% for Ni. The results showed a substantial extraction of base metals from UG-2 PGM flotation concentrate suggesting a potentially feasible option for industrial bioprocessing of PGM concentrates. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report on bioleaching of base metals from UG-2 flotation concentrates. Graphical Abstract

Surface Segregation Studies in Ternary Noble Metal Alloys: Comparing DFT and Machine Learning with Experimental Data.

Surface segregation, whereby the surface composition of an alloy differs systematically from the bulk, has historically been hard to study, because it requires experimental and modeling methods that span alloy composition space. In this work, we study surface segregation in catalytically relevant noble and platinum-group metal alloys with a focus on three ternary systems: AgAuCu, AuCuPd, and CuPdPt. We develop a data set of 2478 slabs with those compositions including all three low-index crystallographic orientations relaxed with Density Functional Theory using the PBEsol functional with D3 dispersion corrections. We fine-tune a machine learning model on this data and use the model in a series of 1800 Monte Carlo simulations spanning ternary composition space for each surface orientation and ternary chemical system. The results of these simulations are validated against prior experimental surface segregation data collected using composition spread alloy films for AgAuCu and AuCuPd. Our findings reveal that simulations conducted using the (110) orientation most closely match experimentally observed surface segregation trends, and while predicted trends qualitatively match observation, biases in the PBEsol functional limit numeric accuracy. This study advances understanding of surface segregation and the utility of computational studies and highlights the need for further improvements in simulation accuracy.

Highly sensitive Pt-functionalized In2O3/SnS2 nanoflowers to realize the rapid detection of H2S gas

Recently, SnS2 sensing material has received lots of attention in the application of gas detection owing to its merits of high physical affinity and appropriate bandgap width. Nevertheless, the gas sensors based on SnS2 sensing materials are subjected to the shortcomings of poor selectivity and long response/recovery induced by the low conductivity of SnS2 material. This article employs a secondary solvothermal method to prepare flower-like In2O3/SnS2 heterostructures modified by noble metal Pt nanoparticles to realize the rapid detection of H2S for the first time. The gas-sensing tests indicate that this heterostructure greatly improves the pure SnS2 material’s conductivity and enhances the adsorption capacity for H2S gas molecules. Compared with pure SnS2 and In2O3/SnS2 sensors, the Pt-In2O3/SnS2 sensor presents superior repeatability during multiple measurement cycles and excellent selectivity towards H2S at the optimum operating temperature of 220 ℃. The sensor also exhibits a fast response/recovery of 10 s/506 s together with a large gas response of 11.98 toward 200 ppm H2S. The strengthened sensing characteristics are primarily attributed to the abundant active sites in the Pt-In2O3/SnS2 composites, the excellent carrier transfer ability caused by the In2O3/SnS2 heterojunction, the strong gas adsorption ability induced by noble metal platinum, and the modulated Schottky barrier. Our work provides an effective route for the improvement of the gas sensitivity of SnS2-based H2S gas sensors.

Exploring the environmental impact of metallic element usage in smartphone evolution

In the era of rapid technological advancement, the accumulation of electronic waste, especially smartphones with their intricate design involving precious and critical metals such as nickel, lithium, and cobalt, raises concerns. This heavy reliance on metals significantly contributes to the environmental footprint of smartphones. This study aims to track the flow of metals in conjunction with evolving design paradigms and assess their environmental impact. Our research focuses on Samsung cell phones, the Galaxy S series, released between 2010 and 2015, analyzing the environmental impact of raw materials. Our findings highlight platinum group metals (PGMs) as having the most significant environmental impact. Notably, printed circuit boards (PCBs), rich in metals, emerge as substantial contributors due to their higher mass, resulting in increased environmental implications as the element content rises. The insights from this investigation provide valuable guidance for making informed decisions about smartphone design, production, and disposal to reduce environmental impact.

Precious metal prices: a tale of four US recessions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the degree of persistence in four precious metal prices (i.e. gold, palladium, platinum and silver) during the last four US recessions. Design/methodology/approach Using daily price data for gold, palladium, platinum and silver running from July 2, 1990, to March 21, 2022, and dating of business cycles in the USA provided by NBER (2022), the paper uses fractional integration to test the degree of persistence of precious metal prices. Findings The empirical analysis shows the unrelenting prominence of gold in relation to other precious metals (palladium, platinum and silver) as a hedge against market uncertainty in the post-pandemic new era. Originality/value Two are the main contributions of the paper. Firstly, the authors contribute to the commodity markets and finance literature on precious metal price modelling. Secondly, the authors also contribute to the literature on commodity markets and business cycles with a special focus on recessionary periods.

Pure Spin Transport in YIG Films with Amorphous‐to‐Crystalline Transformation

AbstractMagnetic insulators, especially Y3Fe5O12 (YIG), are considered promising candidates for spin‐based device applications due to their ultralow damping, high spin injection efficiency, and long‐distance spin propagation. However, these intriguing features are widely studied based on crystallization YIG films. Pure spin phenomena, like spin transport in YIG films with structural evolution, remain unclear. Herein, pure spin transportation is systematically investigated in the sandwich structure formed by YIG, the inserted layer‐nominal YIG (n‐YIG) with a varied crystalline structure and heavy metal Platinum (Pt). By applying ferromagnetic resonance (FMR)‐driven inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) measurement, the detected ISHE voltage signal presented a strong correlation with the thickness of n‐YIG and its crystalline phase. A significant increasement in spin transportation is obtained for the crystallized n‐YIG via a high‐temperature annealing. These results demonstrate that pure spin current is transported availably in the structural evolution of YIG films. Furthermore, the element‐specific X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectra on the n‐YIG films showed a distinction for the crystallized n‐YIG which indicates that the spin propagation is correlated to its magnetic order. These findings are instructive for low‐dissipation spin‐based devices.

Fluorine-Containing Poly(Fluorene)-Based Anion Exchange Membrane with High Hydroxide Conductivity and Physicochemical Stability for Water Electrolysis.

Improving the hydroxide conductivity and dimensional stability of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) while retaining their high alkaline stability is necessary to realize the commercialization of AEM water electrolysis (AEMWE). A strategy for improving the hydroxide conductivity and dimensional stability of AEMs by inserting fluorine atoms in the core structure of the backbone is reported, which not only reduces the glass transition temperature of the polymer due to steric strain, but also induces distinct phase separation by inducing polarity discrimination to facilitate the formation of ion transport channels. The resulting PFPFTP-QA AEM with fluorine into the core structure shows high hydroxide conductivity (>159 mS cm-1 at 80°C), favorable dimensional stability (>25% at 80°C), and excellent alkaline stability for 1000h in 2m KOH solution at 80°C. Moreover, the PFPFTP-QA is used to construct an AEMWE cell with a platinum group metal (PGM)-free NiFe anode, which exhibits the current density of 6.86 A cm-2 at 1.9V at 80°C, the highest performance in Pt/C cathode and PGM-free anode reports so far and operates stably for over 100h at a constant current of 0.5 A cm-2 .

Potential cellular targets of platinum in the freshwater microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Nitzschia palea revealed by transcriptomics.

Platinum group element levels have increased in natural aquatic environments in the last few decades, in particular as a consequence of the use of automobile catalytic converters on a global scale. Concentrations of Pt over tens of μg L-1 have been observed in rivers and effluents. This raises questions regarding its possible impacts on aquatic ecosystems, as Pt natural background concentrations are extremely low to undetectable. Primary producers, such as microalgae, are of great ecological importance, as they are at the base of the food web. The purpose of this work was to better understand the impact of Pt on a cellular level for freshwater unicellular algae. Two species with different characteristics, a green alga C. reinhardtii and a diatom N. palea, were studied. The bioaccumulation of Pt as well as its effect on growth were quantified. Moreover, the induction or repression factors of 16 specific genes were determined and allowed for the determination of possible intracellular effects and pathways of Pt. Both species seemed to be experiencing copper deficiency as suggested by inductions of genes linked to copper transporters. This is an indication that Pt might be internalized through the Cu(I) metabolic pathway. Moreover, Pt could possibly be excreted using an efflux pump. Other highlights include a concentration-dependent negative impact of Pt on mitochondrial metabolism for C. reinhardtii which is not observed for N. palea. These findings allowed for a better understanding of some of the possible impacts of Pt on freshwater primary producers, and also lay the foundations for the investigation of pathways for Pt entry at the base of the aquatic food web.

Synthesis, spectroscopic and biological characterizations of platinum(IV), ruthenium(III) and iridium(III) theophylline complexes

This study used micro-analyses, (FTIR, UV-Vis) spectra, magnetic, thermogravimetric, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns, and transmittance electron microscopy (TEM) techniques to characterize three synthesized theophylline (TPH) complexes with ruthenium(III), platinum(IV), and iridium(III) metal ions. The metal ions indicated above were found to align with the TPH drug chelate as a mono-dentate ligand via the deprotonated NH group at the nitrogen atom position N7, as verified by FTIR measurements. Additionally, the complexes conductivity and magnetic susceptibility were examined. The octahedral geometry for the synthesized complexes was proposed by the current data. Except for the iridium(III) complex, which has a non-electrolytic nature due to the presence of a chlorine atom inside the chelation sphere, the molar conductivity of the complexes in DMSO solution was electrolyte in nature. Theophylline complexes with a (metal: ligand) stoichiometry of 1:2 were produced. The TPH complexes have also been tested in vitro against G(+) bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus Aureus) and G(-) bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) to evaluate their antibacterial efficacy. Human breast and liver cancer cell lines were used as a test for the TPH complexes in vitro anti-cancer properties.
 KEY WORDS: Theophylline, Metal ions, Chelation, Octahedral, Spectral analysis, Nano-particles, Biological evaluation
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(3), 725-738.                                                              
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i3.14